ISM(Industrial Scientific Medical) Band，is defined by ITU-R （ITU Radiocommunication Sector）, refers to Industrial, Scientific and Medical，Therefore, as the name implies, the ISM frequency band is that countries set aside a certain frequency band to be used by industrial, scientific and medical institutions. Name: ISM bandFeatures: No authorization requiredRegulations by ITU-RApplication filed……

Japanese telecom giants NTT and KDDI plan to collaborate on next-generation optical network technology for 6G. NTT has been developing next-generation 6G transmission network technology for years, which is called “IOWN (Innovative Optical and Wireless Network)”. KDDI is strong in long-distance optical communication. The two companies hope to push IOWN technology into the 6G international stan……

Since the development of RF circulators and isolators, there are a variety of installation methods to choose from, such as coaxial, drop-in, surface mount, microstrip, waveguide and so on. This article will focus on the differences between coaxial, drop-in and surface mount type mainly. Different Connector Types/Installation Methods：The main coaxial connectors are SMA, N, 2.92mm, 7/16, etc. S……

As introduced before, RF circulators are used in a variety of RF circuit design applications. Usually, they tend to be used at microwave frequencies, so they are often called microwave circulators. Here, we will introduce two common applications of circulators. Duplexer: One of the most common applications for RF circulators is in radar systems or radio communication systems where the transmi……

The RF circulator has its own circuit symbol to facilitate its representation on electronic circuit diagrams or schematics. The basic symbol consists of a circle and an arrow, indicating the direction of the power cycle. Usually, the ports are shown in clockwise order around the circle: port 1, port 2, and finally port 3.If the component is done by counter-clockwise, it is marked in counterclockwi……

The power divider is a device that divides the power of one input signal into two or more outputs with equal or unequal energy, and can also conversely combine the energy of multiple signals into one output, when it is called combiner.  A certain degree of isolation should be guaranteed between the output ports of a power divider. Power divider is also called over-current divider. There ……